Used Cars from USA Used Cars from USA

< Free Open Study >

•	Table of Contents
•	Index

Troubleshooting IP Routing Protocols (CCIE® Professional Development)
By Faraz Shamim CCIE #4131, Zaheer Aziz CCIE #4127, Johnson Liu CCIE #2637, Abe Martey CCIE #2373
Publisher	: Cisco Press
Pub Date	: May 07, 2002
ISBN	: 1-58705-019-6
Pages	: 912
Slots	: 2

		Copyright
		About the Authors
			About the Technical Reviewers
		Acknowledgments
		Preface
		Introduction
			Who Should Read This Book?
			How This Book Is Organized
		Icons Used in This Book
			Command Syntax Conventions
		Chapter 1.  Understanding IP Routing
			IP Addressing Concepts
			Static and Dynamic Routes
			Dynamic Routing
			Routing Protocol Administrative Distance
			Fast Forwarding in Routers
			Summary
			Review Questions
			References
		Chapter 2.  Understanding Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
			Metric
			Timers
			Split Horizon
			Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
			RIP-1 Packet Format
			RIP Behavior
			Why RIP Doesn't Support Discontiguous Networks
			Why RIP Doesn't Support Variable-Length Subnet Masking
			Default Routes and RIP
			Protocol Extension to RIP
			Compatibility Issues
			Summary
			Review Questions
			Further Reading
		Chapter 3.  Troubleshooting RIP
			Flowcharts to Solve Common RIP Problems
			Troubleshooting RIP Routes Installation
			Problem: RIP Routes Not in the Routing Table
			Problem: RIP Is Not Installing All Possible Equal-Cost Paths—Cause: maximum-path Command Restricts RIP from Installing More Than One Path
			Troubleshooting RIP Routes Advertisement
			Problem: Sender Is Not Advertising RIP Routes
			Problem: Subnetted Routes Missing from the Routing Table of R2—Cause: Autosummarization Feature Is Enabled
			Troubleshooting Routes Summarization in RIP
			Problem: RIP-2 Routing Table Is Huge— Cause: Autosummarization Is Off
			Problem: RIP-2 Routing Table Is Huge— Cause: ip summary-address Is Not Used
			Troubleshooting RIP Redistribution Problems
			Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing Issues in RIP
			Problem: RIP Broadcast Is Keeping the ISDN Link Up—Cause: RIP Broadcasts Have Not Been Denied in the Interesting Traffic Definition
			Problem: RIP Updates Are Not Going Across the Dialer Interface—Cause: Missing broadcast Keyword in a dialer map Statement
			Troubleshooting Routes Flapping Problem in RIP
		Chapter 4.  Understanding Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
			Metrics
			Timers
			Split Horizon
			Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
			IGRP Packet Format
			IGRP Behavior
			Default Route and IGRP
			Unequal-Cost Load Balancing in IGRP
			Summary
			Review Questions
		Chapter 5.  Troubleshooting IGRP
			Flowcharts to Solve Common IGRP Problems
			Troubleshooting IGRP Route Installation
			Problem: IGRP Routes Not in the Routing Table
			Problem: IGRP Is Not Installing All Possible Equal-Cost Paths—Cause: maximum-paths Restricts IGRP to a Maximum of Four Paths by Default
			Troubleshooting IGRP Routes Advertisement
			Problem: Sender Is Not Advertising IGRP Routes
			Problem: Candidate Default Is Not Being Advertised—Cause: ip default-network Command Is Missing
			Troubleshooting IGRP Redistribution Problems
			Problem: Redistributed Routes Are Not Getting Installed in the Routing Table—Cause: Metric Is Not Defined During Redistribution into IGRP
			Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) Issues in IGRP
			Problem: IGRP Broadcast Is Keeping the ISDN Link Up—Cause: IGRP Broadcasts Have Not Been Denied in the Interesting Traffic Definition
			Problem: IGRP Updates Are Not Going Across the Dialer Interface—Cause: Missing Broadcast Keyword in a dialer map Statement
			Troubleshooting Route Flapping Problem in IGRP
			Problem: IGRP Routes Are Flapping—Cause: Packet Drops on Sender's or Receiver's Interface
			Troubleshooting Variance Problem
			Problem: IGRP Not Using Unequal-Cost Path for Load Balancing—Cause: variance Command Is Missing or Misconfigured
		Chapter 6.  Understanding Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
			Metrics
			EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
			The Diffusing Update Algorithm
			DUAL Finite-State Machine
			EIGRP Reliable Transport Protocol
			EIGRP Packet Format
			EIGRP Behavior
			EIGRP Summarization
			EIGRP Query Process
			Default Routes and EIGRP
			Unequal-Cost Load Balancing in EIGRP
			Summary
			Review Questions
		Chapter 7.  Troubleshooting EIGRP
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Advertisement
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Installation
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Flapping
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Summarization
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Redistribution Problems
			Troubleshooting EIGRP Dial Backup Problem
			EIGRP Error Messages
			Summary
		Chapter 8.  Understanding Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
			OSPF Packet Details
			OSPF LSA Details
			OSPF Areas
			OSPF Media Types
			OSPF Adjacencies
			Summary
			Review Questions
		Chapter 9.  Troubleshooting OSPF
			Flowcharts to Solve Common OSPF Problems
			Troubleshooting OSPF Neighbor Relationships
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor List Is Empty
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in INIT
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in 2-WAY—Cause: Priority 0 Is Configured on All Routers
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in EXSTART/EXCHANGE
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in LOADING
			Troubleshooting OSPF Route Advertisement
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising Routes
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor (ABR) Not Advertising the Summary Route
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising External Routes
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Not Advertising Default Routes
			Troubleshooting OSPF Route Installation
			Problem: OSPF Not Installing Any Routes in the Routing Table
			Problem: OSPF Not Installing External Routes in the Routing Table
			Troubleshooting Redistribution Problems in OSPF
			Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising External Routes
			Troubleshooting Route Summarization in OSPF
			Problem: Router Is Not Summarizing Interarea Routes—Cause: area range Command Is Not Configured on ABR
			Problem: Router Is Not Summarizing External Routes—Cause: summary-address Command Is Not Configured on ASBR
			Troubleshooting CPUHOG Problems
			Problem: CPUHOG Messages During Adjacency Formation—Cause: Router Is Not Running Packet-Pacing Code
			Problem: CPUHOG Messages During LSA Refresh Period—Cause: Router Is Not Running LSA Group-Pacing Code
			Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing Issues in OSPF
			Problem: OSPF Hellos Are Bringing Up the Link—Cause: OSPF Hellos Are Permitted as Interesting Traffic
			Problem: Demand Circuit Keeps Bringing Up the Link
			Troubleshooting SPF Calculation and Route Flapping
			SPF Running Constantly—Cause: Interface Flap Within the Network
			SPF Running Constantly—Cause: Neighbor Flap Within the Network
			SPF Running Constantly—Cause: Duplicate Router ID
			Common OSPF Error Messages
			"Unknown routing protocol" Error Message
			OSPF: "Could not allocate router id" Error Message
			"%OSPF-4-BADLSATYPE: Invalid lsa: Bad LSA type" Type 6 Error Message
			"OSPF-4-ERRRCV" Error Message
		Chapter 10.  Understanding Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
			IS-IS Protocol Overview
			IS-IS Protocol Concepts
			IS-IS Link-State Database
			Configuring IS-IS for IP Routing
			Summary
			Additional IS-IS Packet Information
			Review Questions
			Further Reading
		Chapter 11.  Troubleshooting IS-IS
			Troubleshooting IS-IS Adjacency Problems
			Troubleshooting IS-IS Routing Update Problems
			IS-IS Errors
			CLNS ping and traceroute
			Case Study: ISDN Configuration Problem
			IS-IS Troubleshooting Command Summary
			Summary
		Chapter 12.  Understanding Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
			Fundamentals of IGMP Version 1, IGMP Version 2, and Reverse Path Forwarding
			PIM Dense Mode
			PIM Sparse Mode
			IGMP and PIM Packet Format
			Summary
			Review Questions
		Chapter 13.  Troubleshooting PIM
			Troubleshooting IGMP Joins
			Troubleshooting PIM Dense Mode
			Troubleshooting PIM Sparse Mode
			Summary
		Chapter 14.  Understanding Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 (BGP-4)
			BGP-4 Protocol Specification and Functionality
			Neighbor Relationships
			Advertising Routes
			Receiving Routes
			Policy Control
			Scaling IBGP in Large Networks—Route Reflectors and Confederations
			Best-Path Calculation
			Summary
			Review Questions
		Chapter 15.  Troubleshooting BGP
			Flowcharts to Solve Common BGP Problems
			show and debug Commands for BGP-Related Troubleshooting
			Troubleshooting BGP Neighbor Relationships
			Problem: Directly Connected External BGP Neighbors Not Initializing
			Problem: Nondirectly Connected External BGP Neighbors Not Coming Up
			Problem: Internal BGP Neighbors Not Coming Up
			Problem: BGP Neighbors (External and Internal) Not Coming Up—Cause: Interface Access List Blocking BGP Packets
			Troubleshooting BGP Route Advertisement /Origination and Receiving
			Problem: BGP Route Not Getting Originated
			BGP Route Not Getting Originated—Cause: BGP Is Autosummarizing to Classful/Network Boundary
			Problem in Propagating/Originating BGP Route to IBGP/EBGP Neighbors—Cause: Misconfigured Filters
			Problem in Propagating BGP Route to IBGP Neighbor but Not to EBGP Neighbor—Cause: BGP Route Was from Another IBGP Speaker
			Problem in Propagating IBGP Route to IBGP/EBGP Neighbor—Cause: IBGP Route Was Not Synchronized
			Troubleshooting BGP Route Not Installing in Routing Table
			Problem: IBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table
			IBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table—Cause: IBGP Next Hop Not Reachable
			Problem: EBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table
			Troubleshooting BGP Route-Reflection Issues
			Problem: Configuration Mistakes—Cause: Failed to Configure IBGP Neighbor as a Route-Reflector Client
			Problem: Route-Reflector Client Stores an Extra BGP Update—Cause: Client-to-Client Reflection
			Problem: Convergence Time Improvement for RR and Clients—Cause: Use of Peer Groups
			Problem: Loss of Redundancy Between Route Reflectors and Route-Reflector Client—Cause: Cluster List Check in RR Drops Redundant Route from Other RR
			Troubleshooting Outbound IP Traffic Flow Issues Because of BGP Policies
			Problem: Multiple Exit Points Exist but Traffic Goes Out Through One or Few Exit Routers—Cause: BGP Policy Definition Causes Traffic to Exit from One Place
			Problem: Traffic Takes a Different Interface from What Shows in Routing Table—Cause: Next Hop of the Route Is Reachable Through Another Path
			Problem: Multiple BGP Connections to the Same BGP Neighbor AS, but Traffic Goes Out Through Only One Connection—Cause: BGP Neighbor Is Influencing Outbound Traffic by Sending MED or Prepended AS_PATH
			Problem: Asymmetrical Routing Occurs and Causes a Problem Especially When NAT and Time-Sensitive Applications Are Used—Cause: Outbound and Inbound Advertisement
			Troubleshooting Load-Balancing Scenarios in Small BGP Networks
			Problem: Load Balancing and Managing Outbound Traffic from a Single Router When Dual Homed to Same ISP—Cause: BGP Installs Only One Best Path in the Routing Table
			Problem: Load Balancing and Managing Outbound Traffic in an IBGP Network—Cause: By Default, IBGP in Cisco IOS Software Allows Only a Single Path to Get Installed in the Routing Table Even Though Multiple Equal BGP Paths Exist
			Troubleshooting Inbound IP Traffic Flow Issues Because of BGP Policies
			Troubleshooting BGP Best-Path Calculation Issues
			Problem: Path with Lowest RID Is Not Chosen as Best
			Problem: Lowest MED Not Selected as Best Path
			Troubleshooting BGP Filtering
			Problem: Standard Access List Fails to Capture Subnets
			Problem: Extended Access Lists Fails to Capture the Correct Masked Route
			Problem: AS_PATH Filtering Using Regular Expressions
			Summary
		Appendix Answers to Review Questions
			Chapter 1
			Chapter 2
			Chapter 4
			Chapter 6
			Chapter 8
			Chapter 10
			Chapter 12
			Chapter 14
		Index

< Free Open Study >